Symptoms & Causes of Gastroparesis
What are the symptoms of gastroparesis?
The symptoms of gastroparesis may include
- feeling full soon after starting a meal
- feeling full long after eating a meal
- nausea
- vomiting
- too much bloating
- too much belching
- pain in your upper abdomen
- heartburn
- poor appetite
Certain medicines may delay gastric emptying or affect motility, resulting in symptoms that are similar to those of gastroparesis. If you have been diagnosed with gastroparesis, these medicines may make your symptoms worse. Medicines that may delay gastric emptying or make symptoms worse include the following:
- narcotic pain medicines, such as codeine NIH external link , hydrocodone NIH external link , morphine NIH external link , oxycodone NIH external link , and tapentadol NIH external link
- some antidepressants NIH external link , such as amitriptyline NIH external link , nortriptyline NIH external link , and venlafaxine NIH external link
- some anticholinergics —medicines that block certain nerve signals
- some medicines used to treat overactive bladder
- pramlintide NIH external link
These medicines do not cause gastroparesis.
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When should I seek a doctor’s help?
You should seek a doctor’s help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms:
- severe pain or cramping in your abdomen
- blood glucose levels that are too high or too low
- red blood in your vomit, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds
- sudden, sharp stomach pain that doesn’t go away
- vomiting for more than an hour
- feeling extremely weak or fainting
- difficulty breathing
- fever
You should seek a doctor’s help if you have any signs or symptoms of dehydration, which may include
- extreme thirst and dry mouth
- urinating less than usual
- feeling tired
- dark-colored urine
- decreased skin turgor, meaning that when your skin is pinched and released, the skin does not flatten back to normal right away
- sunken eyes or cheeks
- light-headedness or fainting
You should seek a doctor’s help if you have any signs or symptoms of malnutrition, which may include
- feeling tired or weak all the time
- losing weight without trying
- feeling dizzy
- loss of appetite
- abnormal paleness of the skin
What causes gastroparesis?
In most cases, doctors aren’t able to find the underlying cause of gastroparesis, even with medical tests. Gastroparesis without a known cause is called idiopathic gastroparesis.
Diabetes is the most common known underlying cause of gastroparesis. Diabetes can damage nerves, such as the vagus nerve and nerves and special cells, called pacemaker cells, in the wall of the stomach. The vagus nerve controls the muscles of the stomach and small intestine. If the vagus nerve is damaged or stops working, the muscles of the stomach and small intestine do not work normally. The movement of food through the digestive tract is then slowed or stopped. Similarly, if nerves or pacemaker cells in the wall of the stomach are damaged or do not work normally, the stomach does not empty.
In addition to diabetes, other known causes of gastroparesis include
- injury to the vagus nerve due to surgery on your esophagus, stomach, or small intestine
- hypothyroidism
- certain autoimmune diseases, such as scleroderma NIH external link
- certain nervous system NIH external link disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease NIH external link and multiple sclerosis NIH external link
- viral infections of your stomach
This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.
The NIDDK would like to thank:
Michael Camilleri, M.D., Mayo Clinic, Rochester